The FDA has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with early Alzheimer's disease, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia.May 7, 2022 · Chronic alcoholism can seriously impair mental abilities. Alcohol can also cause memory loss by interacting with medications. Vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. A vitamin B-12 deficiency — common in older adults — can cause memory problems. Hypothyroidism. Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ... Jul 17, 2023 · July 17, 2023 at 10:16 am. Yet another new drug can temporarily hold off the mental decline caused by Alzheimer’s disease, scientists say. The drug, called donanemab, slowed cognitive decline by ... Aricept (donepezil) as low as. $13. View other Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Donepezil (Aricept) is an inexpensive drug used to treat mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. It is more popular than comparable drugs. It is available in generic and brand versions. The cholinesterase inhibitors are the main first-line treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs attempt to make up for depleted levels of acetylcholine. For moderate to severe disease, doctors often add the NMDA receptor drug. Researchers are still exploring the exact role of the new MAB drug. Aducanumab (Aduhelm) is a MAB and is the ...Feb 18, 2022 · However, there is hope for an Alzheimer’s cure breakthrough 2022. Currently, Aducanumab is only approved for use in select patients with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s disease. Before the treatment can be administered, all individuals with AD must undergo a PET scan to determine if they have amyloid plaques. Aug 30, 2023 · In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lecanemab (Leqembi) for people with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. A phase 3 clinical trial found that the medicine slowed cognitive decline in people with early Alzheimer's disease. Aug 3, 2022 · Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease. Learn more about initial patient support strategies, the latest approved drugs to slow the disease’s progress, and the status of new clinical trials. medications may help lessen symptoms, such as memory loss and confusion. FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's The FDA has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with early Alzheimer's disease, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. Aug 11, 2023 · Common side effects of donepezil may include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; loss of appetite; muscle pain; sleep problems ( insomnia ); or. feeling tired. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Jun 7, 2021 · The Food and Drug Administration on Monday approved Biogen ’s Alzheimer’s disease drug aducanumab, making it the first medication cleared by U.S. regulators to slow cognitive decline in people ... There are three drugs of this type: donepezil ( Aricept ), galantamine ( Razadyne ), and rivastigmine ( Exelon ). Aricept is the only treatment approved by the FDA for all stages of Alzheimer’s ... In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lecanemab (Leqembi) for people with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. A phase 3 clinical trial found that the medicine slowed cognitive decline in people with early Alzheimer's disease.Evidence Summary. A 2018 meta-analysis examining medications used to alleviate agitation in all types of dementia included 36 RCTs with a total of 5,585 participants (mean age = 81.8 years ± 4.9 ... Get the full picture of how a drug gets approved for public use in Canada, including a list of the currently approved medications that can treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's. Treatment options. Alzheimer Society of Canada. This downloadable brochure gives an overview of all the treatment options for Alzheimer's that are available to you.Treatment for Alzheimer's disease, the devastating condition that affects more than 5 million Americans, has remained notoriously elusive for decades. Now, a small study released by drug company Eli Lilly offers at least a flicker of hope: It shows that the experimental drug donanemab may significantly slow patients’ cognitive decline.May 11, 2023 · The effectiveness of Rexulti for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease was determined through two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... January 06, 2023. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Leqembi (lecanemab-irmb) via the Accelerated Approval pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Leqembi is the ...Common medications can cause dementia-like symptoms. Common prescription and over-the-counter medications called anticholinergics (anti-col-in-er-jikhear it) have side effects that can worsen existing Alzheimer’sdementia symptoms. This type of drug can even cause dementia-like symptoms cognitive impairment. start, stop, or adjust the dosage ...Jun 1, 2018 · Alzheimer disease is the most common form of dementia. In 2016, an estimated 5.2 million Americans age 65 and older had Alzheimer disease. The prevalence is projected to increase to 13.8 million by 2050, including 7 million people age 85 and older. 1. Although no cure for dementia exists, several cognition-enhancing drugs have been approved by ... Dementia can’t be cured, but several medications can help control some of its symptoms. Learn about 4 common dementia medications here. Also discover why drugs for Alzheimer’s disease may be ...Lorazepam (Ativan) Oxazepam (Serax) Alprazolam (Xanax) Alternative medications. Paying for medication. Summary. Antianxiety medications can help reduce anxiety in people living with dementia ...Aug 3, 2022 · Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease. Learn more about initial patient support strategies, the latest approved drugs to slow the disease’s progress, and the status of new clinical trials. January 06, 2023. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Leqembi (lecanemab-irmb) via the Accelerated Approval pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Leqembi is the ...Alzheimer’s disease causes a decline in memory, thinking, learning and organizing skills over time. It’s the most common cause of dementia and usually affects people over the age of 65. There’s no cure for Alzheimer’s, but certain medications and therapies can help manage symptoms temporarily. Symptoms and Causes.In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lecanemab (Leqembi) for people with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. A phase 3 clinical trial found that the medicine slowed cognitive decline in people with early Alzheimer's disease.Jan 22, 2021 · Treatment for Alzheimer's disease, the devastating condition that affects more than 5 million Americans, has remained notoriously elusive for decades. Now, a small study released by drug company Eli Lilly offers at least a flicker of hope: It shows that the experimental drug donanemab may significantly slow patients’ cognitive decline. Treatments. There's no cure for Alzheimer’s, but there are treatments that may change disease progression, and drug and non-drug options that may help treat symptoms. Understanding available options can help individuals living with the disease and their caregivers to cope with symptoms and improve quality of life. May 7, 2022 · Chronic alcoholism can seriously impair mental abilities. Alcohol can also cause memory loss by interacting with medications. Vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. A vitamin B-12 deficiency — common in older adults — can cause memory problems. Hypothyroidism. The truth is that medications are available that may help treat symptoms. Although these drugs don’t work for everyone, they offer some hope for the more than 6 million people who have AD. Treatment for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease. There are three FDA-approved drugs available to treat symptoms due to mild to moderate AD.The most common treatment for depression in Alzheimer's involves a combination of medicine, counseling, and gradual reconnection to activities and people that bring happiness. Simply telling the person with Alzheimer's to "cheer up," "snap out of it" or "try harder" is seldom helpful. Feb 18, 2022 · However, there is hope for an Alzheimer’s cure breakthrough 2022. Currently, Aducanumab is only approved for use in select patients with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s disease. Before the treatment can be administered, all individuals with AD must undergo a PET scan to determine if they have amyloid plaques. Aug 11, 2023 · Common side effects of donepezil may include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; loss of appetite; muscle pain; sleep problems ( insomnia ); or. feeling tired. This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. Family members often want their loved one to continue on dementia meds. Alzheimer’s advocate Meryl Comer, who cared for her husband with early onset AD at home throughout his illness (see Aug 2014 news story), noted that the drugs seemed to help control his symptoms. “Memantine made him more cooperative, and that made the difference between ...Jun 15, 2011 · Alzheimer disease affects approximately 5.4 million Americans and accounts for most cases of dementia. 1 Like other types of dementia, it is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive ... Antipsychotic medications can treat dementia symptoms such as aggression or psychosis. But these drugs can cause serious side effects. ... Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia ...Evidence Summary. A 2018 meta-analysis examining medications used to alleviate agitation in all types of dementia included 36 RCTs with a total of 5,585 participants (mean age = 81.8 years ± 4.9 ...Galantamine (Razadyne): This drug is used to prevent or slow the symptoms of mild to moderate AD. It comes as a tablet, extended-release capsule, or oral solution (liquid). Memantine (Namenda ...Aug 31, 2023 · Read the latest research on Alzheimer's disease. Learn about Alzheimer's symptoms such as memory loss and senile dementia. Find out about Alzheimer's stages, causes and new treatments. The first line of treatment for the behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's is non-drug approaches, but if these strategies fail and symptoms are severe, medication may be appropriate. While antipsychotic medications can be effective in some situations, they are associated with an increased risk of stroke and death in older adults with dementia and ...The first line of treatment for the behavioral symptoms of Alzheimer's is non-drug approaches, but if these strategies fail and symptoms are severe, medication may be appropriate. While antipsychotic medications can be effective in some situations, they are associated with an increased risk of stroke and death in older adults with dementia and ... Antipsychotic medications can treat dementia symptoms such as aggression or psychosis. But these drugs can cause serious side effects. ... Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia ...Unfortunately, the short answer is no—mood stabilizers have not been found effective for treating dementia, and some may even cause harm. Several different medications—many of which are anticonvulsants (drugs to reduce seizures)—are classified as mood stabilizers. In general, research has not supported widespread use of mood stabilizers ...Aug 30, 2022 · Antipsychotic medications can treat dementia symptoms such as aggression or psychosis. But these drugs can cause serious side effects. ... Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia ... In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication. May 11, 2023 · The effectiveness of Rexulti for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease was determined through two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication. Mar 8, 2019 · Dementia can’t be cured, but several medications can help control some of its symptoms. Learn about 4 common dementia medications here. Also discover why drugs for Alzheimer’s disease may be ... Treatments. There's no cure for Alzheimer’s, but there are treatments that may change disease progression, and drug and non-drug options that may help treat symptoms. Understanding available options can help individuals living with the disease and their caregivers to cope with symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications. The following are used to temporarily improve dementia symptoms. Cholinesterase inhibitors. These medicines work by boosting levels of a chemical messenger involved in memory and judgment. They include donepezil (Aricept, Adlarity), rivastigmine (Exelon) and galantamine (Razadyne ER).The late stage of Alzheimer's disease may last from several weeks to several years. As the disease progresses, intensive, around-the-clock care is usually required. What to expect. Bowel and bladder function. Your role as caregiver. Skin and body health. Late-stage care options. Infections and pneumonia. Food and fluids. 3 commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors: Aricept (donepezil) is approved for all stages of Alzheimer’s. Exelon (rivastigmine) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. Razadyne (galantamine) is approved for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and increased frequency of bowel ... Medications for Alzheimer’s: moderate to severe stages. In the moderate to severe stages of Alzheimer’s, Namenda (memantine) is the primary drug prescribed.. It can improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability to perform simple tasks.In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication.Before discussing Alzheimer’s medications, we will first explore the symptoms and causes of Alzheimer’s disease. 19.3.1. Types of Dementias. Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia, which is a group of common symptoms that include declines in memory, language and thinking skills, and ability to perform everyday activities. Dementia is ... In June 2021, the Food and Drug Administration approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) as another option to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Aduhelm is the first new drug approved for the disease since 2003 as well as the first to specifically target amyloid-beta, the protein researchers widely believe to play a role in the development of Alzheimer's.Sep 27, 2021 · Patients in the study were already taking currently approved medications for Alzheimer's, and this study demonstrates that levetiracetam improves cognitive function better than current treatments ... Jul 29, 2022 · Lorazepam (Ativan) Oxazepam (Serax) Alprazolam (Xanax) Alternative medications. Paying for medication. Summary. Antianxiety medications can help reduce anxiety in people living with dementia ... Family members often want their loved one to continue on dementia meds. Alzheimer’s advocate Meryl Comer, who cared for her husband with early onset AD at home throughout his illness (see Aug 2014 news story), noted that the drugs seemed to help control his symptoms. “Memantine made him more cooperative, and that made the difference between ... Alzheimer disease most commonly affects older adults, but it can also affect people in their 30s or 40s. When Alzheimer disease occurs in someone under age 65, it is known as early-onset (or younger-onset) Alzheimer disease. A very small number of people with Alzheimer disease have the early-onset form. Many of them are in their 40s and 50s ...For sleep changes due primarily to Alzheimer’s disease, there are non-drug and drug approaches to treatment. Most experts and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strongly encourage use of non-drug measures rather than medication. Studies have found that sleep medications generally do not improve overall sleep quality for older adults. Aricept (donepezil) as low as. $13. View other Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Donepezil (Aricept) is an inexpensive drug used to treat mild to moderate dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease. It is more popular than comparable drugs. It is available in generic and brand versions. Lecanemab and aducanumab are immunotherapies with FDA Accelerated Approval to treat early Alzheimer’s. These drugs target the protein beta-amyloid to help reduce amyloid plaques, one of the hallmark brain changes in Alzheimer’s.Sep 27, 2021 · The cholinesterase inhibitors are the main first-line treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. These drugs attempt to make up for depleted levels of acetylcholine. For moderate to severe disease, doctors often add the NMDA receptor drug. Researchers are still exploring the exact role of the new MAB drug. Aducanumab (Aduhelm) is a MAB and is the ... Get the full picture of how a drug gets approved for public use in Canada, including a list of the currently approved medications that can treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's. Treatment options. Alzheimer Society of Canada. This downloadable brochure gives an overview of all the treatment options for Alzheimer's that are available to you.Get the full picture of how a drug gets approved for public use in Canada, including a list of the currently approved medications that can treat the symptoms of Alzheimer's. Treatment options. Alzheimer Society of Canada. This downloadable brochure gives an overview of all the treatment options for Alzheimer's that are available to you.Medications for Alzheimer’s: moderate to severe stages. In the moderate to severe stages of Alzheimer’s, Namenda (memantine) is the primary drug prescribed.. It can improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability to perform simple tasks.May 11, 2023 · The effectiveness of Rexulti for the treatment of agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease was determined through two 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication. These medicines include: Donepezil ( Aricept) Galantamine ( Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl) Rivastigmine ( Exelon) What to expect: Most people with Alzheimer’s who take one of these medications ...Ask the Doctor About Medicine. The FDA hasn't approved any drugs for dementia-related psychosis. Doctors often prescribe atypical, or second-generation antipsychotics meant to help with ...It is the first approved treatment to attack the disease process of Alzheimer’s instead of just addressing dementia symptoms. Biogen, its manufacturer, announced Monday afternoon that the list ...medications may help lessen symptoms, such as memory loss and confusion. FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's The FDA has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with early Alzheimer's disease, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. Mainstream treatment does not greatly slow the progression of Alzheimers. Caregivers searching for alternative Alzheimer’s remedies may find greater hope in natural treatments, alternative therapies, preventative measures. These remedies are most effective in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, particularly at the onset of symptoms.Family members often want their loved one to continue on dementia meds. Alzheimer’s advocate Meryl Comer, who cared for her husband with early onset AD at home throughout his illness (see Aug 2014 news story), noted that the drugs seemed to help control his symptoms. “Memantine made him more cooperative, and that made the difference between ... In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication.For sleep changes due primarily to Alzheimer’s disease, there are non-drug and drug approaches to treatment. Most experts and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strongly encourage use of non-drug measures rather than medication. Studies have found that sleep medications generally do not improve overall sleep quality for older adults. medications may help lessen symptoms, such as memory loss and confusion. FDA-approved drugs for Alzheimer's The FDA has approved medications that fall into two categories: drugs that change disease progression in people living with early Alzheimer's disease, and drugs that may temporarily mitigate some symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia. Aug 19, 2023 · Drugs are the cornerstone of treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. The current medications cannot stop or cure Alzheimer's but may slow the progression of the disease and improve symptoms. Some drugs (like cholinesterase inhibitors) work by improving communication between nerve cells, while others (like antidepressants) may help with behavioral ...
For sleep changes due primarily to Alzheimer’s disease, there are non-drug and drug approaches to treatment. Most experts and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strongly encourage use of non-drug measures rather than medication. Studies have found that sleep medications generally do not improve overall sleep quality for older adults.. What are this week
Non-drug approaches to changes in mood and behaviour. It is common for people with dementia to develop changes in mood and behaviour. In most cases, with the right person-centred care and support, these changes will pass. Non-drug approaches that should always be tried first. Read more. There are three drugs of this type: donepezil ( Aricept ), galantamine ( Razadyne ), and rivastigmine ( Exelon ). Aricept is the only treatment approved by the FDA for all stages of Alzheimer’s ...Feb 18, 2022 · However, there is hope for an Alzheimer’s cure breakthrough 2022. Currently, Aducanumab is only approved for use in select patients with mild cognitive impairment or early Alzheimer’s disease. Before the treatment can be administered, all individuals with AD must undergo a PET scan to determine if they have amyloid plaques. Sep 6, 2023 · Overview of using medications to treat anxiety in Alzheimer's patients. Medications for treating anxiety. Anxiety symptoms are fairly common among patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Such symptoms are likely to make patient care more problematic and, therefore, increase the risk of nursing home placement. Unfortunately, the short answer is no—mood stabilizers have not been found effective for treating dementia, and some may even cause harm. Several different medications—many of which are anticonvulsants (drugs to reduce seizures)—are classified as mood stabilizers. In general, research has not supported widespread use of mood stabilizers ...Aducanumab (Aduhelm®) has received accelerated approval as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Aducanumab was the first therapy to demonstrate that removing beta-amyloid, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, from the brain reduces cognitive and functional decline in people living ... In 2023, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved lecanemab (Leqembi) for people with mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease. A phase 3 clinical trial found that the medicine slowed cognitive decline in people with early Alzheimer's disease.There are two types of medications approved to treat Alzheimer's: those that can temporarily ease some symptoms, and those that can slow the progression of the disease. Medications don't work for everyone, and they may lose effectiveness over time. They tend to be most effective for people with early to moderate Alzheimer's.In the early stages of Alzheimer's, the person with dementia may need help remembering to take medications. As a caregiver, you may find it helpful to: Use a pill box organizer. Using a pill box or keeping a daily list or calendar can help ensure medication is taken as prescribed. Develop a routine for giving the medication. Jul 17, 2023 · July 17, 2023 at 10:16 am. Yet another new drug can temporarily hold off the mental decline caused by Alzheimer’s disease, scientists say. The drug, called donanemab, slowed cognitive decline by ... Jun 7, 2021 · June 07, 2021. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, a debilitating disease affecting 6.2 million Americans. Aduhelm was ... For sleep changes due primarily to Alzheimer’s disease, there are non-drug and drug approaches to treatment. Most experts and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) strongly encourage use of non-drug measures rather than medication. Studies have found that sleep medications generally do not improve overall sleep quality for older adults.Unfortunately, the short answer is no—mood stabilizers have not been found effective for treating dementia, and some may even cause harm. Several different medications—many of which are anticonvulsants (drugs to reduce seizures)—are classified as mood stabilizers. In general, research has not supported widespread use of mood stabilizers ...Alzheimer disease most commonly affects older adults, but it can also affect people in their 30s or 40s. When Alzheimer disease occurs in someone under age 65, it is known as early-onset (or younger-onset) Alzheimer disease. A very small number of people with Alzheimer disease have the early-onset form. Many of them are in their 40s and 50s ...Evidence Summary. A 2018 meta-analysis examining medications used to alleviate agitation in all types of dementia included 36 RCTs with a total of 5,585 participants (mean age = 81.8 years ± 4.9 ...Aug 30, 2023 · Expertise and rankings. Each year, Mayo Clinic doctors care for more than 1,900 people with Alzheimer's disease. The Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center is jointly based in Rochester, Minnesota, and Jacksonville, Florida. These facilities — two of 33 centers designated and funded by the National Institute on Aging — enable Mayo ... Before discussing Alzheimer’s medications, we will first explore the symptoms and causes of Alzheimer’s disease. 19.3.1. Types of Dementias. Alzheimer’s disease is a type of dementia, which is a group of common symptoms that include declines in memory, language and thinking skills, and ability to perform everyday activities. Dementia is ... Create a calm place for them. Cut out background noise from the TV or radio, clear away clutter, and make their daily tasks as simple as possible. Check for physical reasons they might be agitated ... Jan 7, 2023 · Credit: Juan Gaertner/SPL. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved lecanemab, the second-ever treatment for Alzheimer’s disease that is intended to tackle the root of the ... Jun 7, 2021 · June 07, 2021. Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Aduhelm (aducanumab) for the treatment of Alzheimer’s, a debilitating disease affecting 6.2 million Americans. Aduhelm was ... May 7, 2022 · Chronic alcoholism can seriously impair mental abilities. Alcohol can also cause memory loss by interacting with medications. Vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B-12 helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. A vitamin B-12 deficiency — common in older adults — can cause memory problems. Hypothyroidism. .